Microbiome in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture: dynamic changes and bacterial lifestyle

Summary:

The Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is the most frequently cultured shrimp species, comprising more than 70% of the world shrimp commodities since 2010. Shrimp aquacultures, both in indoor and outdoor facilities are affected by water quality deteriorations and bacterial diseases. Although these cultivation problems lead to a substantial annual loss of shrimp harvest, a systematic assessment of how the interaction of physicochemical water parameters and the composition of bacterial communities (commonly referred to as microbiome) which affect shrimp rearing processes including disease prevalence is still lacking.

In my PhD project, different outdoor shrimp ponds systems in Rembang, Indonesia were monitored over the complete rearing cycle of 3 months, including a disease outbreak after approximately 60 days. Of specific interest were heterotrophic bacteria of the genus Vibrio, which contain known shrimp pathogens. These bacteria thrive in organic matter-rich environments, where they often exhibit a particle-attached lifestyle. In shrimp ponds, deterioration of water conditions, such as organic matter enrichment and decreasing pH, may cause detrimental shifts in bacterial community composition and promote the growth of Vibrio and other opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. These can cause infections, which are intensified when the shrimp feed on Vibrio-containing particles suspended in the pond water. However, bacterial communities will recover to the initial composition if water quality is adjusted to pre-disease conditions.

To improve shrimp farming practices, I therefore propose to perform regular pond water assessment, not only for the physicochemical parameters, but also for bacterial community composition, especially on particles. In addition, organic matter (sludge) discharge and regular addition of lime stones and dissolvable carbon source for example molasses to sustain pH levels and provide additional feed source, respectively, are necessary to improve and maintain shrimp production.